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  • Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.

    Osteoporosis affects men and women of all races. But white and Asian women — especially older women who are past menopause — are at highest risk.

    Clinical features

    There typically are no symptoms in the early stages of bone loss. But once your bones have been weakened by osteoporosis, you might have signs and symptoms that include:

    • Back pain, caused by a fractured or collapsed vertebra
    • Loss of height over time
    • A stooped posture
    • A bone that breaks much more easily than expected

    Prevention

    Good nutrition and regular exercise are essential for keeping your bones healthy throughout your life.
    1. Protein

    Adequate protein intake is necessary. Most people get plenty of protein in their diets, but some do not. Vegetarians and vegans can get enough protein in the diet if they intentionally seek suitable sources, such as soy, nuts, legumes, seeds for vegans and vegetarians, and dairy and eggs for vegetarians.

    2. Body weight

    Being underweight increases the chance of bone loss and fractures. Excess weight is now known to increase the risk of fractures in your arm and wrist. As such, maintaining an appropriate body weight is good for bones just as it is for health in general.

    3. Calcium

    Men and women between the ages of 18 and 50 need 1,000 milligrams of calcium a day. This daily amount increases to 1,200 milligrams when women turn 50 and men turn 70.

    Good sources of calcium include:

    • Low-fat dairy products
    • Dark green leafy vegetables
    • Canned salmon or sardines with bones
    • Soy products, such as tofu
    • Calcium-fortified cereals and orange juice
    If you find it difficult to get enough calcium from your diet, consider taking calcium supplements.

    4. Vitamin D

    Vitamin D improves your body’s ability to absorb calcium and improves bone health in other ways. People can get some of their vitamin D from sunlight, but this might not be a good source if you live in a high latitude, if you’re housebound, or if you regularly use sunscreen or avoid the sun because of the risk of skin cancer.
    To get enough vitamin D to maintain bone health, it’s recommended that adults ages 51 to 70 get 600 international units (IU) and 800 IU a day after age 70 through food or supplements.
    People without other sources of vitamin D and especially with limited sun exposure might need a supplement. Most multivitamin products contain between 600 and 800 IU of vitamin D. Up to 4,000 IU of vitamin D a day is safe for most people.

    5. Exercise

    Exercise can help you build strong bones and slow bone loss. Exercise will benefit your bones no matter when you start, but you’ll gain the most benefits if you start exercising regularly when you’re young and continue to exercise throughout your life.

    Combine strength training exercises with weight-bearing and balance exercises. Strength training helps strengthen muscles and bones in your arms and upper spine. Weight-bearing exercises — such as walking, jogging, running, stair climbing, skipping rope, skiing and impact-producing sports — affect mainly the bones in your legs, hips and lower spine.

    Swimming, cycling and exercising on machines such as elliptical trainers can provide a good cardiovascular workout, but they don’t improve bone health

    Treatment

    Treatment recommendations are often based on an estimate of your risk of breaking a bone in the next 10 years using information such as the bone density test (DEXA scan). If your risk isn’t high, treatment might not include medication and might focus instead on modifying risk factors for bone loss and falls.

    1. Bisphosphonates: For both men and women at increased risk of fracture, the most widely prescribed osteoporosis medications are bisphosphonates. Examples include:

    • Alendronate

    • Risedronate

    • Ibandronate

    • Zoledronic acid

    Side effects include nausea, abdominal pain and heartburn-like symptoms. These are less likely to occur if the medicine is taken properly.
    Intravenous forms of bisphosphonates don’t cause stomach upset but can cause fever, headache and muscle aches for up to three days. It might be easier to schedule a quarterly or yearly injection than to remember to take a weekly or monthly pill, but it can be more costly to do so.
    2. Monoclonal antibody medications : Compared with bisphosphonates, denosumab produces similar or better bone density results and reduces the chance of all types of fractures. Denosumab is delivered via a shot under the skin every six months.

    3. Hormone-related therapy

    It includes estrogen and estrogen like drugs. Side effects include increased risk of blood clots and cancer

    In men, osteoporosis might be linked with a gradual age-related decline in testosterone levels. Testosterone replacement therapy can help improve symptoms of low testosterone, but osteoporosis medications have been better studied in men to treat osteoporosis and thus are recommended alone or in addition to testosterone.

    • Bone-building medications (Teriparatide) : This powerful drug is similar to parathyroid hormone and stimulates new bone growth. It’s given by daily injection under the skin. After two years of treatment with teriparatide, another osteoporosis drug is taken to maintain the new bone growth.